A Request to be Kidnapped From Jerusalem

On the November 26, 2006 WAWA Blog, this reporter raised the question if Mordechai Vanunu's Christian conversion could be the reason the Israeli government continues to hold him captive in Jerusalem, 2 1/2 years after he was released from 18 years in jail for telling the world the truth, that Israel had gone nuclear.

Reporter and full time CPT/Christian Peacemaker Teams volunteer, Jerry Levin, reported Vanunu's answer in a December 3, 2006 email:

Jerry: "Do you see an element of persecution in all this governmental pressure?"

Unhesitatingly, Mordechai answered. "There is. It is my Christianity that they cannot accept. That is the source of my problems with my case."

The rest of Jerry's report follows, but first let me tell you a little about Jerry.

Jerry Levin, a secular Jew and CNN's former Mid East Bureau Chief in the 1980's was kidnapped by the Hizbuloh in Lebanon and held for nearly a year. Meanwhile, his wife Sis, a Christian had been praying and persistently working for his release. On Christmas Eve, Jerry had a mystical experience of Christ and shortly thereafter escaped unharmed.

Ever since, the couple have dedicated their 'retirement' years working for peace and pursuing justice in the Holy Land. Jerry's book "My First Noel" about that event and his hard hitting expose "West Bank Diary" can be purchased through Hope Publishing House.

I met Jerry for the first time on the third Tuesday in June 2005, when he 'shepherded' me through Hebron. Hebron is where 450 Israeli settlers are protected by 3,000 Israeli Defense/Occupying Forces. I was nauseous the entire day for the oppression is visceral and the visuals reminded me of every photo and movie I had ever seen of the ghettos the Jews were forced into during the Holocaust. The settlers [who are are illegal colonists according to International law] spray painted "GAS THE ARABS" and Stars of David upon what had once been peaceful Palestinian homes.

A main street in Hebron where the colonists/settlers live on one side and Palestinians on the other is connected by a thick yet deeply sagging netting above ones head. Huge rocks, shovels, electronic equipment, furniture and all manner of debris have been flung onto it by the settlers with the hope that it will give way and hit a Palestinian on the head.

Jerry told me, "It gets cleaned out about every year or so. Come back in a few months and there will be more. The settlers just throw what ever they want onto the netting, they do what ever they want and get away with it. The CPT's run interference by non-violent resistance, we get the children and woman to where they need to be going and back again. Sometimes the settlers curse and stone us all; it keeps it interesting."

Now, for Jerry's report:

(Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine December 3, 2006) A friend responding to my latest report on the trials of Mordechai Vanunu (See From The Inside Looking Out report-73, December 2, 2006: Mordechai Vanunu and the Perils of Speaking English) described his travails as a "pathetic little Kaka tale." Down home in Alabama we have another way of describing those ordeals, You can't win for losing."

Take for instance his civil suit against the Israeli newspaper, Yediot Aharanot. It was launched while he was still in prison for revealing Israel's secret atomic and hydrogen bomb making program through an article in the London Times.

"The newspaper published stories about me saying I was sending information out how to build bombs to the Hamas," said a still incredulous Mordechai. "When I came out of prison the trial started."

"We bring to testify the head of the Shabak [Ed: aka Shin Bet, the Secret Service, equivalent to the FBI in the United States]. He said that he received the information from his people and that he didn't check it. And we proved that I don't know any information about how to make bombs. But a year ago they win in the court."

"How? Why?"

"The judge decided that the newspaper has the right to publish the story because it received it from the Shabak. Shabak is like the voice of god."

"So you lost."

"Big."

"What do you mean, "big?"

"Well, if newspapers publish lies about me, you would think I have the right to receive compensation from the newspapers and they would be denied to publish more lies. But the judge decided, no, I should pay Yediot Aharanot $10,000.00. How can a newspaper be damaged by publishing such stories about me? So we are appealing this decision. The hearing could be soon."

Turning to the criminal charges against him for speaking to foreign journalists, I asked if his defense intends to call any more witnesses beyond the army general who signed the orders restricting his freedom of movement and speech.

"Yes, Peter Hounam, the reporter who in 1986 wrote the story I give the London Times about Israel's nuclear bomb program. They have charged me that when I was released from prison in 2005, he was involved in a big interview which I gave to the BBC. But the allegation is not true because the interview was done by an Israeli journalist. But they deported him anyway. So we are negotiating about this,"

"About what?"

"Well, he has accepted to come, but the government wants to complicate the case by insisting to decide that they can refuse to let him come back. So they are saying he must have the same restrictions on him that they put on me. But he says that if they confine him to a hotel he will not come."

"So what is being negotiated?"

"We accept not to bring him, if the government cancels this charge about the BBC interview. If they don't take it out, we will bring him."

"Do you see an element of persecution in all this governmental pressure?"

Unhesitatingly, Mordechai answered. "There is. It is my Christianity that they cannot accept. That is the source of my problems with my case."

"All?"

"Yes, because even if they understand they need to make justice with me and let me go and let me speak, they have a problem with their people. What to do about a Christian man who was born a Jewish man who became a Christian and who received respect from all over the world. They don't want this man to be receiving a good image especially with the young Israeli generation. So that is the first point.

"The second point is, because Israel is a Jewish State, the government believes they have the right to have the bomb. But I am coming and saying they don't need to have the bomb. They need to make peace. And that is another source of the problem for them. But even with that I don't understand why they are persecuting me. What are they afraid from?"

"But they say they know what they are afraid from. They say you have more secrets."

"But they know that this is blah, blah, blah, because my secrets are twenty years old. All this nuclear weapons has continued to develop and all what I had was published twenty years ago. There is nothing new from me. And now North Korea has built the bomb. Iran is going to build the bomb. So what information can I contribute when it is twenty years old? Israel should let me go. They have had their revenge. Even killers murders in Israel are released after fifteen years, seventeen years. They let them go. Run away do what ever they want."

"Are you hopeful?"

"I have my scenario that includes the hope that Israelis are also human beings and that one day they will wake up because they must wake up and become normal society. Because there still is danger that what they saw in the past one hundred fifty years, all those extreme nationalists, dictators, right wings that brought tyranny to Italy, Spain, Germany, South Africa, Russia all of them collapsed because they were not normal society. Their people woke up because they wanted normal society. But here we don't have normal society. Here is Jewish religion society and even liberals here are speaking like they are dictators.

"Israel is not like the United States. People came from Europe to build new society in the name of freedom, liberty for all the human beings. But they didn't respect the Indians in the beginning and the blacks. But then one day they woke up and start giving them rights. That is what normal society does. But here it is not normal society. It is about religion. So my scenario is when the Israel people who want normal society wake up it will be a total disaster for the Jewish state."

"Supposing five years from now when I'm eighty and you are fifty-five, we are still here talking about your situation; we are talking about how every year the government renews the restrictions and the courts agree; and we are talking about your scenario that has stayed just a dream?"

"I hope when you are eighty I will meet you in Washington DC. But for that to be we need to do some extraordinary acts to get out from here.

"What kind of extraordinary acts?"

"I can tell you this way. Israel kidnapped me from Rome in 1986 and put me in prison. So I'm calling to the CIA and to all the world to kidnap me from Israel."

"Kidnap you?"

"Yes, if some one or any organization will help me to try to get out from here. I will do it. And the Israelis know it very well. I am ready to leave the country in any way."

"Even being spirited out?"

"Yes, because I am not allowed to go to foreign embassies where I can ask for asylum. That's why they watch me, because they don't want me to get out from here."

"You want the CIA, special forces, whatever to do a reverse Entebbe?"

"Yes," he said with a big grin, "the Marines. But I don't think your military your defense establishment like me. Otherwise they would have helped me long ago. But the real government of the United States is the Pentagon. That is the power behind Israel. They give Israel two billion dollars and military power in support. And so those military maybe don't like me because I am speaking against nuclear weapons and I am speaking for peace. So they are worried."

"What you want to do is dangerous."

"Yes. But you have done it. So I will be happy for anyone to take me out from this prison."

When Israel became a state in 1948, it was contingent upon the upholding of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief...Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state...Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own...Article 13, 1-2

Eileen is an activist, author, poet, reporter and editor of  http://www.wearewideawake.org She has been reporting from the Occupied Palestinian Territories since June 2005. Eileen's second book, "Third Intifada: NONVIOLENT, But With Words Sharper Than a Two-Edged Sword: Memoirs of a Nice Irish American 'Girl' in Occupied Territory" will be released by March 2007.

DNA Paternity Guide: DNA Testing Explained - Simply

Deoxyribonucleic Acid or most commonly known as DNA are biological blueprints contained in each individual person?s cells. These DNA are like coded biological instructions of an individual?s traits: how an individual might look like, what an individual?s hair color and eyes color might be, and where might he come from, among others. Each individual have different DNA codes, one that sets him apart from all the other individuals who are not biologically related. However, biological families and individuals belonging to the same ethnic group have sets of similar DNA codes.

With these being said, one can surmise that DNA testing can tell a lot about each individual person. Among the many uses of DNA testing is to prove or disprove fatherhood. The DNA test for this kind of information is the DNA Paternity Testing. If an individual wants to find out about his or her sibling and how much they are biologically related, there is the DNA Sibling Test. If a grandparent wants to prove or disprove a grandchild?s biological relatedness, there is the DNA Grandparent Test. If a man wants to find out if the child in the womb is his biological offspring, there is the Prenatal DNA Testing. DNA tests can also identify two people?s most recent common ancestor, and his genealogy or ancestry, linking an individual with his past.

Most of these DNA test have the same major procedure, varying slightly only in some steps.

Since DNAs are like an individual?s unique fingerprint found in his or her cells, DNA testing may also be used to convict or acquit a crime suspect. Forensic Crime Laboratories use samples of skin scrapings, hair, saliva, semen and other biological evidences found in crime scenes to prove or disprove a person?s involvement in the crime. DNA tests made in DNA test laboratories are also admissible in court and legal proceedings, as long as they have undergone the proper chain-of-custody of the DNA samples and DNA test results. These legal cases most often involve contesting wills by proving or disproving biological relationships, settling estate disputes and child custody.

Man has truly gone a long way into the field of Science and Biomedicine. And with this development in Biomedical Technology, man has truly come through for himself, bridging gaps, linking severed ties and shaping lives.

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of www.dnapaternityguide.com. To order ISO Accredited home DNA paternity test kits, to link to ISO Accredited DNA Test labs, to read more information on DNA testing, please log on to www.dnapaternityguide.com

Forensic DNA Testing

Forensics is defined as the study of evidence found at a crime scene and used in a court of law. Forensic DNA testing refers to DNA testing of evidence to convict or exonerate suspects based on their connection to that evidence. Just as fingerprints revolutionized crime fighting a century ago, forensic DNA testing has radically changed the way criminal evidence is examined.

Forensic DNA testing is a permanent feature now in the U.S. criminal justice system. It has freed the innocent from death row, it has cleared other convicts and suspects, and it has helped investigators solve seemingly unsolvable crimes. Even so, forensic DNA testing is partly a promise unfulfilled. There is still a backlog of evidence from unsolved cases that needs to be tested. Forensic DNA testing is used heavily in some states and almost not at all in others. Federal funding rules for forensic DNA testing encourage states to use the process on some cases but not others. Finally, lack of complete statistics have prevented a true evaluation of forensic DNA testing impact on justice so far.

Forensic DNA testing can be expensive. While many rape cases can be solved with DNA testing that costs about $500 per case, some murder evidence can cost upwards of $10,000 for forensic DNA testing. More complex than simple paternity testing, forensic DNA testing may need to call on several different methods depending on the type of evidence available, and whether or not the evidence as degraded or deteriorated in some way.

Read more about Forensic DNA Testing.

For more information about how you can get your Free At-Home DNA Testing Kit, please take time to visit www.DNA-PaternityTests.com.

The DNA of The Audience's Expectations

The Hero's Journey is the template upon which the vast majority of successful stories and Hollywood blockbusters are based upon. In fact, ALL of the hundreds of Hollywood movies we have deconstructed (see URL below) are based on this 188 stage template.

Understanding this template is a priority for story or screenwriters.

There is only one story.

The Hero's Journey:

a) Attempts to tap into unconscious expectations the audience has regarding what a story is and how it should be told.

b) Gives the writer more structural elements than simply three or four acts, plot points, mid point and so on.

c) Gives you a tangible process for building and releasing dissonance (establishing and achieving catharsis).

d) Gives you a universal structural template upon which you can superimpose your situational story.

and more...

Exceptions to the rule

There are peripheral plot variations such as at: http://www.clickok.co.uk/AdvancedWorksheets.html

And there are editing variations such as in Coffee and Cigarrettes (Jim Jarmusch) etc.

And there are core usages, such as in sitcoms.

But if you want to tell a story in whatever form, this is the structure you must use. This is the DNA of the audience's expectations. And any story that deviates from it tends to be commercially less successful.

Art-house movies are one form that deviates from the structure and they are less commercially successful - but they may be successful in the eyes of a small group of people BECAUSE they are deviant - not becuase they are nec

essarily any good.

Learn more?

WRITE THAT SCREENPLAY!

The Complete 188 stage Hero

The Managing Creativity and Innovation MBA dissertation, DIY creativity Audit, Powerpoint presentation and Good Idea generator software can be found at http://www.managing-creativity.com/

?s Journey and other story structure te

You can also receive a regular, free newsletter by entering your email address at this site.

mplates can be found at http://www.clickok.co.uk/

Kal Bishop, MBA

You are free to reproduce this article as long as no changes are made, the author's name is retained and the link to our site URL remains active.

DNA Paternity Guide: Do I Need Mom's Consent?

DNA paternity testing is the test which proves or disproves the biological relationship between an alleged father and an offspring. Now, for purposes of contesting wills, legal battles and estate disputes, DNA Paternity Testing, is not only done by skeptical alleged fathers but by the offspring as well. When so much is at stake, nothing beats the biological fingerprint to determine, prove or disprove claims, dispel doubt and achieve peace of mind.

However, whether father or offspring, not all who want to undergo DNA paternity testing actually perform the test. Why? So many aspects of the procedure, and so many questions regarding the proper way to go about DNA paternity testing still remain unanswered. And the most common question involved in a DNA paternity testing that is initiated by the offspring is this: Do I need my mother?s consent to undergo the test? Do I need the consent of the mother? In the case of the child, considering how a mother might feel about being question by her child as to the true identity of his or her father, a mother can feel slighted. And in the case of an alleged father who want to initiate the DNA paternity test, the mother of the child might be unwilling to give the consent. Thus, many offspring and fathers wanting to undergo DNA paternity guide simply refrain from undergoing the test and forever remain doubtful about the truth for the rest of their lives. Certainly, not a very healthy way to live.

To answer the question, consent from the mother to undergo a DNA paternity test depends on the place you are in. In some states and in some countries, Code of Ethics require the consent of the mother except:

1. The child wanting to undergo the DNA paternity test is over 16 years of age. In this case, the child himself or herself will be the one to give his or her own consent on the matter.

2. The mother of the child is already deceased, which in this case, should be duly indicated in the consent form.

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of http://www.dnapaternityguide.com To have more of your DNA Paternity Testing questions answered, order your home DNA test kits, link to ISO accredited DNA Test Laboratories, please log on to http://www.dnapaternityguide.comv

Home DNA Testing: How To Choose The Better DNA Test Kit

What makes DNA testing so popular is its ability to be performed not only in DNA Test Laboratories, but also in the privacy of their own homes. The search for biological parentage can be an emotional time for most people. Some find it rather uncomfortable to let friends know they are undertaking a DNA paternity test. Some also find it awkward if their surrogate family, the one who has raised them and love them all their lives, find out that they are undergoing a DNA paternity test to prove or disprove relationships and parentage!

With that in mind, DNA test laboratories and DNA testing companies came up with the home DNA test kits. Home DNA test kits are easy to perform and the best part is that home DNA test kits can be bought online, delivered privately, and be done in the privacy of the home!

Without question, home DNA test kit can be bought online. But the question remains: with all the home DNA test kits to choose from, which one is better? Here are some points of comparison or things to consider when choosing a home DNA test kit:

1. ISO 17025 Accredited Like any organization or companies, DNA testing companies should be ISO 17025 accredited to ensure that consumers are receiving quality products. In this case, a home DNA test kit should be ISO 17025 Accredited to guarantee its quality.

2. AABB Parentage Accreditation Program The better home DNA test kit should also be one that comes from a DNA test laboratory that is a member of AABB Parentage Accreditation Program. Again, this is an international accreditation program to ensure that quality of DNA testing procedure and of the accuracy of interpreting test results.

3. Collection services A better home DNA test kit should come from a DNA testing company with an affiliate DNA test laboratory that is willing to collect your DNA test kit and your specimen where you want it and when you want it. Again, privacy of the DNA tester should be of their primary concern.

4. Percentage of Inclusions and Exclusions A better home DNA test kit should come from a DNA testing company that offers 100% exclusions of paternity and 99.9% inclusions of paternity. In simple layman?s term, exclusion percentage shows the tester who can not be their fathers, and inclusion show who can possibly be their father.

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of http://www.dnapaternityguide.com To order your home DNA test kits, link to DNA Test Laboratories, and to find out more about DNA testing, DNA paternity guide, please log on to http://www.dnapaternityguide.com

DNA Paternity Guide: Paternity Testing Before A Child's Birth

It is not unknown to many that men told to have fathered a child sometimes suspect if they truly are the father of the child. Now, men ? and even mothers - need not wait for nine months or even years after before finding out the real or biological father of the child.

DNA testing and biomedical technology is so advanced nowadays that DNA paternity testing can be done even with the child still in the mother?s womb. This is what DNA test laboratories call the Prenatal DNA Paternity Testing.

Prenatal DNA Paternity Testing is done by collecting either one of two sample specimens from the mother?s womb: the amniocentesis or the CVS.

The amnioncentesis is the collection of the amniotic fluid that contains the fetus. The CVS is the collection of the chorioinic villi that composes the placenta. The chorionic villi is best collected when the mother is into her 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid containing the unborn child?s DNA is best collected when the child is within 12 to 21 weeks in the womb. How are these specimens collected?

The collection of these specimens is very much different from DNA Paternity testing using kits or DNA paternity testing in labs where buccal swabs are used for sample collection. In a prenatal DNA paternity test procedure, an OB-Gyne will perform the procedure of collecting amniotic fluid or chorionic villi that will contain the unborn child?s DNA.

Parenting a child whom you suspect is not biologically yours can be emotionally and mentally disturbing not only for the father but for the child as well. A child can always feel whether he or she is genuinely loved or raised for the sake of obligation. Thus, it is best to perform Prenatal DNA paternity testing to clear any doubts and for peace of mind.

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of www.dnapaternityguide.com. To link to our affiliate DNA Testing Laboratories, to order online DNA test kits, to find out more on DNA Testing and DNA paternity guides, to ask questions and clarifications on DNA testing procedures, please log on to www.dnapaternityguide.com.

Chromosome and mtDNA - Linking Lives, Past and Present

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, most commonly known as DNA, has been cropping up again and again in the development of Biomedical Technology. DNAs, the blueprint of humans, are unique and inherent in each individual, even among identical twins. In a word, DNAs are like human fingerprints that identify each person, his roots and ancestry and his ethnicity among others.

One of the major uses of DNA testing is the surname test or the Most Recent Common Ancestor data. Through DNA testing, people can now determine if people of the same surnames are relatives. How is this done?

The male human DNA contains the Y Chromosome. This can tell us whether two or more males of the same family name or surname are relatives or not. And that if they are, DNA testing of the Y chromosome can also identify the MRCA or the Most Recent Common Ancestor linking the two males.

Aside from being able to determine the ethnicity of an individual, his relation to another of the same surname and their Most Recent Common Ancestor, the Y chromosome markers in male human genome can also provide information on the individual?s haplogroup. A haplogroup or a haplotype is a unique grouping of individuals with the same genetic characteristics, giving an individual the information for his deep ancestral lineage, whether paternal or maternal.

However, since only males have Y chromosomes, females can determine the same information with an entirely different DNA test, the mtDNA test. Since mtDNA or Mitochondrial DNA is passed by the mother to both male and female offspring, women don?t need to worry about not knowing their roots, their ethnicity and their relation to individuals with the same surname. Just as the males have their Y chromosomes, women have their mtDNA tests to get the same information as well.

Truly, Biomedical technology has gone a long way in linking lives, both past and present.

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of http://www.dnapaternityguide.com. To get DNA test kits online, inquire about DNA testing, access links to DNA Test Labs, read updates and news of recent DNA Paternity test developments, please visit http://www.dnapaternityguide.com

DNA Forensic Profiling

Incorporating the legal system into using DNA evidence is often referred to as DNA forensic profiling. It is being used more and more to correctly identify the guilty criminal of a crime. It can be said of it to be the most effective way to identify the suspect and victim in any crime scene. By using the DNA print of someone, we can be certain to whether they are guilty of the crime committed or not. It is interesting to note that not only can we be sure of who committed the crime, but sometimes as cases are being developed, it is necessary to be certain who was the actual victim of the crime. A DNA test can be used therefore not only to convict the criminal, but to be sure who the real victim of the crime committed was. We have seen this type of DNA profiling in many popular television shows such as CSI, 24, and many others.

Since this technology is relatively new, there are even certain organizations that are dedicated to help people who have previously been convicted of a crime and are now serving their sentences who perhaps, were innocent of the crime committed. There have been many examples of people being released from prison after a legal DNA test showed that the DNA of the previously convicted criminal does not match that which was found at the crime scene. In many cases, some of these innocent people had already completed over half of their time sentenced in prison. Usually the organization doing these tests are government owned, but there are also many private companies such as a DNA diagnostics center which also do DNA profiling and are certified by the AABB.

Most of these DNA testing centers also provide other DNA testing services as well. There are a wide range of services that are offered, such things include doing a paternity test, finding out ancestry, finding out if you may have Native American Indian genes, or doing prenatal genetic testing. By finding out your DNA print, there is so much knowledge to be gained and your ancestry can be tracked back many years. These are just some of the many things you can do or information you can find out through one of these DNA diagnostics centers.

The manner of collecting samples used to find out paternity or ancestry is very easy. Many companies offer free at home testing kits. In order to get the results you just do the easy test and send it back in to get your results at a relatively inexpensive price. There is no semen test or blood test required. For example, it is as easy as a cotton swab and some saliva. In better words, determining paternity is done just by taking a cheek swab sample of the parent and the child in question and sending those into the DNA laboratory. Even before the child is born, a paternity test can be done by prenatal genetic testing. Of course, this couldn't be done with an at home testing kit, and would be a little more expensive as well, but still can be done at a very reasonable price. Other types of paternity testing that can be done are child support/custody DNA testing and immigration DNA testing. With more advancements in science and technology, this field of study will continue to develop and more and more become one of the most exciting subjects of study in science.

Jason Luke is a Client Account Specialist for 10X Marketing. For more information on DNA forensic profiling and paternity testing, go now to GeneTree.com

DNA Analysis

The DNA of a person is responsible for providing information regarding who and what the person is since it contains the design of the genetically passed traits taken from both parents. A lot of information may be attained when one carefully studies the DNA and relates it to possible other discoveries about the person, such as parentage, disease predisposition, etc. DNA is responsible for the person's hair color, eye color, build, susceptibility to certain disorders, and a lot more. Careful analysis must be done in order to use the DNA as a means to study and evaluate a person with regard to inherent traits passed on by his/her parents.

DNA analysis entails the careful scrutiny of the DNA. Understanding how the DNA works, its physical structure, the limits of its characteristics, and how these all help in providing much needed personal information are some of the ways in which DNA properties are optimized. Not everyone can successfully and properly analyze DNA. Aside from years of study devoted to the understanding of DNA, DNA analysts also go through years of experience and practice in laboratories and in the practice of DNA testing and analysis to enable them to analyze DNA and how it works. Training of DNA analysts also includes understanding sophisticated tools and machines designed for specific DNA analysis. Proper management and use of these devices would make them more efficient in the effort to analyze DNA correctly.

Most DNA consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, the mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother, and red blood cells. All these elements are carefully purified, studied, and then measured against existing DNA criteria, depending on which use the DNA analysis is deemed for. DNA analysis determines the sequence of the base pairs along the length of the DNA and will provide information as to which of the gene components contains just genes, which regulate genes, which among them have functions, or which have functions still to be discovered.

Several commonly used DNA analysis techniques include: digestion by restriction endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, blotting and hybridization, synthesis of nucleic acids through polymerase, synthesis of nucleic acid probes, nucleotide sequencing, molecular cloning, or the analysis of reporter genes.

DNA provides detailed information on DNA, DNA Testing, DNA Structures, DNA Fingerprinting and more. DNA is affiliated with Free DNA Testing.

Ancestry DNA Testing

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a term used to refer to the genetic material in the cells of a human being. Every human being has a unique DNA pattern with the exception of identical twins. DNA testing refers to a method used to differentiate between individuals of the same species by using their DNA samples. DNA tests are carried out to check the presence or absence of a particular sequence of DNA. Recent advances in DNA testing have made the process extremely helpful in determining a person's ancestry.

Adopted individuals often wonder about their actual ancestry. They are curious about their ancestral heritage. Several people in the US wonder if they are Native Americans or Africans or Asians. All these queries regarding ancestry can be solved with the help of DNA testing. DNA research worldwide led to the discovery of genetic markers that are used to evaluate ancestry. These markers follow three types of inheritance pattern categories. These are autosomal DNA line, the paternal DNA line and maternal DNA line. The autosomal DNA line is made of all DNA in the cells excluding the X - chromosome, Y - chromosome and mtDNA. A person inherits half of autosomal DNA from the biological mother and the other half from the biological father. The Y chromosome markers are paternally related and passed from a father to his son. They are used to trace a person's paternal ancestry. Mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA are maternally related markers and are passed from a mother to her children. They are useful in tracing a person's maternal ancestry.

Various DNA companies provide home testing kits that can be used to collect the DNA sample at home and send them to a laboratory for analysis. DNA testing requires a few drops of blood or a cheek cells specimen collected by rubbing the inside of the mouth with a cotton swab. Some laboratories also use a mouthwash or chewing gum for analysis. The results are fast, reliable and confidential.

DNA Testing provides detailed information on DNA Testing, Paternity DNA Testing, Free DNA Testing, At Home DNA Testing and more. DNA Testing is affiliated with DNA Structures.

Criminal DNA Testing

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the genetic material in the cells of a human body. Every human being receives half of the DNA from the biological mother and the other half from the biological father. With advances in technology, DNA evidence has become a vital forensic technique to identify criminals when biological tissues are found at the crime scene. A single hair root, saliva, blood or semen can help in the identification and conviction of criminals. Sweaty shirts, fingernail clippings, urine, chewed gums, used tissues and licked stamps can also be used for testing. DNA can be used to make the portrait of a probable suspect. DNA evidence is also useful in determining skin color and eye color. DNA fingerprinting, which is also known as genetic fingerprinting, is a very important tool in the identification of criminals.

The majority of DNA of one person may match the DNA of another person. This makes the process of differentiation between two people extremely difficult. Microsatellite is a particular type of DNA sequence that simplifies the process of identification. Microsatellites are small pieces of DNA that occur repeatedly in a person's DNA. They tend to vary in a particular area and their comparison helps in identifying a person quite effortlessly.

It is almost impossible to eliminate all the physical traces of a person's presence at a place of crime. A single cell is sufficient to identify victims even in situations where the body is completely destroyed. DNA fingerprinting is not accurate as a regular fingerprinting process but it does provide some clue to begin an investigation.

In post conviction cases, DNA testing also helps attorneys prove a client's innocence. In cases where the biological evidence was collected but DNA testing was not carried out, the evidence can be subjected to DNA testing to absolve the client. In cases where biological evidence was never collected or biological evidence was destroyed, post conviction on the grounds of DNA testing is not possible.

DNA Testing provides detailed information on DNA Testing, Paternity DNA Testing, Free DNA Testing, At Home DNA Testing and more. DNA Testing is affiliated with DNA Structures.

Home DNA Testing

DNA or DeoxyriboNucleic Acid is called the genetic building blocks of life. Every individual has a unique DNA pattern with the exception of identical twins. DNA testing is a method used to distinguish between individuals by using their DNA samples. DNA tests are carried out to check the presence or absence of a particular sequence of DNA. Tests are carried out using molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction or with DNA arrays or DNA chips. With advanced medical science, DNA testing has become relatively simple, affordable and reliable. DNA tests include paternity testing and family member testing. Home DNA testing only refers to the collection of samples at home. The paternity test is the most common form of home DNA testing, and it is carried out to verify paternity.

In paternity testing, the DNA of a child is compared to that of the father. Paternity is determined by verifying DNA samples of the child, the mother and the supposed father. It is important to try and figure out the date of conception of the child. DNA paternity testing only requires a few drops of blood. Buccal swabs or cord blood collected at birth can also be used for fast and reliable testing regardless of age. This small amount of blood or cheek swab allows the testing of newborns as well. Paternity tests can also be conducted during pregnancy. These samples are compared to trace any similarities and then sent to the laboratory for verification. The results of a DNA testing are accurate and confidential.

Home DNA collection kits are available to test ancestry, twin testing, grandparent testing and detective testing. Home DNA test kits are easily available on the market and on the Internet. These kits enable an individual to collect DNA samples at home and then send them for testing.

DNA Testing provides detailed information on DNA Testing, Paternity DNA Testing, Free DNA Testing, At Home DNA Testing and more. DNA Testing is affiliated with DNA Structures.

Paternity DNA Testing

DNA paternity testing, also referred to as parentage testing, uses DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, the biological basis of heredity, to prove or disprove the relationship between the child and the supposed father. The accuracy of paternity DNA testing is backed by the scientific fact that half of a person's DNA comes from the father while the other half comes from the mother.

DNA paternity tests are used to check the similarity of the DNA components of the alleged father and the child. DNA samples are taken from the child, the assumed father, and the mother, which are then compared and analyzed using sophisticated machines. A buccal swab, very similar to a cotton swab is rubbed against the inside part of the cheeks of the people to be tested to gather cheek cells from which the DNA sample will come from. DNA is first purified then prepared for testing.

Testing DNA subjects the samples to a battery of at least sixteen DNA markers. These markers provide genetic profiles for each of the persons being tested. The child's DNA profile is then compared with the profiles of both the mother and the supposed father to confirm whether or not the child has indeed inherited half of the genes of the alleged father. Statistical analysis using specific computer programs to calculate the possibility of paternity is then used to establish the possibility of the parentage.

There are a number of DNA paternity tests available to determine the relationship of the child and the supposed father. DNA analysts will evaluate which paternity DNA test would best fit the client's situation and needs. Even the collection of the sample will be scheduled based on the most convenient time for the client. Most DNA testing laboratories will have the results ready within five days or less upon receiving the samples.

DNA Testing provides detailed information on DNA Testing, Paternity DNA Testing, Free DNA Testing, At Home DNA Testing and more. DNA Testing is affiliated with DNA Structures.

Steps To DNA Testing

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material present in the cells of a living being. Every nucleated cell has 46 chromosomes, apart from the sperm cells from the man and the egg of the woman that only contain 23 chromosomes. Forty- six chromosomes are essential to create a human being at the time of conception. Thus at conception, every human being receives half a DNA from the biological father and the other half DNA from the biological mother. Usually, DNA testing is conducted to verify the paternity and ancestry of a person. DNA testing is also an important tool used in tracking down criminals. It is used to create a portrait of criminal suspects.

A variety of DNA testing protocols are used worldwide. They analyze a small portion of DNA that varies from person to person. Tests are conducted using molecular methods such as a polymerase chain reaction or with DNA arrays and DNA chips.

DNA testing is a very simple and affordable process. Various stages are involved in DNA testing. It is necessary to obtain the DNA samples that have to be verified. DNA testing requires only a few drops of blood or cheek cell specimens obtained by rubbing the inside of the mouth with a swab. Most companies provide a free kit to collect these samples at home. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The samples undergo a controlled procedure that includes extraction of cells from the swabs and purification and harvest of the DNA material found in the cells. The target regions of the DNA sample are copied, and the different target regions of DNA are separated from each other. The results of the DNA tests are then analyzed. Generally, the entire process is repeated to confirm the result, and a conclusive report is made after the confirmation of results.

The stages involved in DNA testing largely depend on the objectives behind the test. In most cases, self-sampling is sufficient to carry out DNA tests.

DNA Testing provides detailed information on DNA Testing, Paternity DNA Testing, Free DNA Testing, At Home DNA Testing and more. DNA Testing is affiliated with DNA Structures.

DNA Testing: How DNA Testing Has Shaped The Modern World

Over the recent years, DNA Testing has increasingly become popular in the fields of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Criminology and Family Law. DNA Testing has the ability to determine biological lineage and genealogical links, settle estate disputes between family members. DNA testing can also identify criminals based on biological evidences present in a crime scene. Thus, people are becoming more and more interested in learning and discovering about DNA Testing and how it can help affect and shape individual lives across the world.

How is DNA testing relevant to modern lives?

1.Relationships

DNA testing can determine whether or not two people are related. And if they are indeed related, DNA Testing can give a certain percentage to which these two people are linked biologically. DNA testing can also tell you whether or not you are relatives with a person of the same surname. Thus, DNA testing proves and disproves family tree researches.

2.Ancestry

DNA testing can trace lineages. They determine if two or more people are descendants from the same ancestor. It matters not how far the distance between you and a alleged ancestor could be. As long as there are biological specimen from your and from the alleged ancestor (hair, semen, saliva, buccal cells), ancestry can still be established. Ancestry tracing through DNA testing are most often used by offspring of people who have migrated to other places for many years but who would still like to find their roots in their parent?s country. Hence, DNA testing can also provide you with your ethnic origins.

3. Settlement of Disputes

Since DNA testing can prove and disprove the biological relationship between two or more people, DNA test results are also tools used in court to settle land and estate disputes, in the writing of wills, and in child custody cases.

4. Forensic Identification

Clearer than fingerprints, DNA test results are considered as today?s one of the most powerful tool in determining criminals based on biological evidences found in crime scenes. In rape cases, semen samples, skin scrapings, or suspect?s hair found in victim?s fingernails are used to determine identity of perpetrators.

As far as acquitting the innocent and charging the guilty is concerned, bridging peoples lives and settling domestic disputes, the constant complain against technology has found its justification in biomedical technology and DNA testing.

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of http://www.dnapaternityguide.com For more information on DNA tests, DNA testings, DNA test kits, links to DNA Laboratories, reviews and updates on DNA Testing and on Biomedical Technology, please visit http://www.dnapaternityguide.com

DNA Paternity Testing: How Do Labs Do It?

People are taking more and more to DNA testing these days. And in an age where anything can be stolen from bags, cars to identities, DNA testing has provided us with an accurate identification system that cannot be denied or lied about. As they say, it?s all in the genes!

Given the many benefits of DNA testing, some people with identified needs for DNA testing are still hesitant to undergo the test. Why? Not many people are familiar with the procedure of DNA testing. To get one thing right across to reluctant the DNA test-takers, DNA testing is not, definitely not, painful.

How is DNA testing done? DNA testing can be done in two options: DNA Test Kits or DNA Test Laboratories. Whether you opt to taking DNA tests in kits or in labs, the accuracy of results remain the same provided instructions are thoroughly followed as to the collection and sampling of the tissues needed. However, if DNA test results will be used for legal purposes, DNA testing in a laboratory is more appropriate considering the required legal procedure and chain-of-custody of the samples.

DNA Test labs use the method of buccal swabs that is why DNA sampling and testing is quick and painless. A person ? along with another whom DNA patterns will be compared to - simply rubs a buccal swabs into the inner lining of his or her cheeks. Buccal samples are then collected by the laboratory staff and personnel. Then, the buccal samples from the buccal cotton swabs will undergo biogenetic process using the most-recent state-of-the-arts biomedical technology in order to produce DNA patterns of both individuals who are tested for any blood relation. It takes mostly three to five days of processing until results are available.

DNA testing has really gone a long way to help various aspects of human identification for legal and criminal or forensic purposes, and most especially for blood relationships. And the best part? It does not take more than a few minutes or a few rolls of buccal swabs to determine which child belongs to you and which does not!

JB Anthony is the co-webmaster and co-promoter of http://www.dnapaternityguide.com For more information on DNA tests, DNA paternity guide to testing, links to DNA Paternity Guide Laboratories and DNA test kits, updates and recent developments on DNA testing, please visit http://www.dnapaternityguide.com